Margin Questions
Q1. Do you have some ideas about these industries?
Answer:
Yes. The items Harish observed represent different types of industries. Shoes and clothes are manufactured in large industries (cotton textile and leather industries). Sugar is produced in sugar mills which are agro-based industries. Some utensils are manufactured in small-scale industries. Diyas (earthen lamps) are made by individual artisans in household/cottage industries. This shows that industries range from large-scale factories to small household units.
Q2. Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods. (i) Oil (ii) Knitting needles (iii) Brassware (iv) Fuse wires (v) Watches (vi) Sewing Machines (vii) Shipbuilding (viii) Electric Bulbs (ix) Paint brushes (x) Automobiles
Answer:
Heavy Industries (bulky raw materials and finished goods): (i) Oil, (vii) Shipbuilding, (x) Automobiles
Light Industries (light raw materials and finished goods): (ii) Knitting needles, (iii) Brassware, (iv) Fuse wires, (v) Watches, (vi) Sewing Machines, (viii) Electric Bulbs, (ix) Paint brushes
Q3. Why did Mahatma Gandhi lay emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving khadi?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi emphasized spinning yarn and weaving khadi because it provided large-scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage industry. It was a symbol of self-reliance and resistance against British rule, promoting indigenous production and reducing dependence on foreign mill-made cloth. Khadi also empowered rural communities and preserved traditional skills.
Q4. Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom?
Answer:
It is important to keep the mill sector loomage lower than power loom and handloom to protect the livelihoods of millions of traditional weavers and artisans. Handloom and powerloom sectors provide employment to a large number of people in rural and semi-urban areas. Decentralized weaving also allows for incorporating traditional skills, designs, and craftsmanship which are unique to India's textile heritage. This helps preserve cultural diversity and supports the rural economy.
Q5. Can you name some industries that would fall in this category?
Answer:
Mineral-based industries include: iron and steel industry, cement industry, aluminium smelting, copper smelting, machine tools, petrochemicals, fertilizers, and chemical industries. These industries use minerals and metals as raw materials for their production processes.
Q6. Make a list of all such goods made of steel that you can think of.
Answer:
Goods made of steel include: construction materials (beams, rods, pipes), railway tracks, ships, automobiles (cars, buses, trucks), aircraft parts, machinery and machine tools, agricultural equipment (ploughs, harvesters), household items (utensils, furniture), medical equipment (surgical instruments), defence equipment (tanks, weapons), bridges, and industrial equipment.
Q7. Why do you think it is so?
Answer:
The chemical industry is widely spread over the country because chemical products are required by various sectors including agriculture, industry, and consumers. The raw materials for inorganic chemicals are readily available in different regions. Additionally, the industry requires proximity to markets and availability of water, power, and transportation facilities. The diversity of chemical products leads to location flexibility.
Q8. Make a list of the products you are aware of.
Answer:
Chemical industry products include: fertilizers (urea, DAP), synthetic fibers (polyester, nylon), synthetic rubber, plastics, dyes and pigments, paints and adhesives, pharmaceuticals and drugs, cosmetics, soaps and detergents, pesticides, insecticides, acids (sulphuric, nitric), alkalis, soda ash, caustic soda, and petrochemicals.
Q9. Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units?
Answer:
Cement manufacturing units should be set up where raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum are available in abundance, as these are bulky and heavy to transport. The location should also have easy access to coal and electric power, and good rail transportation. Additionally, proximity to construction markets reduces transportation costs for the finished product. Gujarat has strategically located plants with access to markets in Gulf countries.
Q10. Find out where the plants are located in other States of India. Find their names.
Answer:
Major cement plants in India are located in: Andhra Pradesh (Cement Corporation of India), Rajasthan (J.K. Cement, Shree Cement), Madhya Pradesh (ACC Cement), Karnataka (ACC, Heidelberg), Tamil Nadu (India Cements, Chettinad Cement), Gujarat (Ambuja Cement, Ultratech), Odisha (OCL India), and Himachal Pradesh (ACC). The industry has expanded significantly after Independence.
Q11. What would be the effect on aquatic life?
Answer:
Thermal pollution from hot water discharged by factories and thermal plants has harmful effects on aquatic life. It reduces the oxygen content of water, making it difficult for fish and other aquatic organisms to survive. It can cause death of aquatic species, disruption of breeding cycles, and alteration of the natural ecosystem. Temperature changes can also affect the metabolic rates of aquatic organisms, leading to ecological imbalance.
Exercises
Q1. Multiple choice questions. (i) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? (a) Aluminium Smelting (b) Cement (c) Paper (d) Steel
Answer:
Answer: (a) Aluminium Smelting
Explanation: Bauxite is the raw material used in aluminium smelting. It is a bulky, dark reddish coloured rock from which aluminium is extracted through the smelting process. Cement uses limestone, paper uses wood pulp, and steel uses iron ore, coking coal and limestone.
Q2. (ii) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc. (a) Steel (b) Electronic (c) Aluminium Smelting (d) Information Technology
Answer:
Answer: (b) Electronic
Explanation: The electronics industry manufactures telephones, computers, televisions, transistors, and other electronic equipment. While the Information Technology industry is closely related and focuses on software and IT services, the manufacturing of hardware like telephones and computers falls under the electronics industry.
Q3. Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words. (i) What is manufacturing?
Answer:
Manufacturing is the process of production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials into more valuable products. It is a secondary activity that transforms primary materials into finished goods for consumption and use.
Q4. (ii) What are basic industries? Give an example.
Answer:
Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other goods. For example, iron and steel industry, copper smelting, and aluminium smelting. These industries provide essential inputs for other manufacturing industries.
Q5. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words. (i) How do industries pollute the environment?
Answer:
Industries pollute the environment in four major ways:
Air Pollution: Industries release undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, and particulate matter including dust, smoke, and sprays. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, and smelting plants. Burning of fossil fuels in factories also causes air pollution.
Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, and dyeing industries release dyes, detergents, acids, salts, and heavy metals like lead and mercury. Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into water bodies.
Land Pollution: Dumping of solid wastes like fly ash, phospo-gypsum, iron and steel slags, glass, chemicals, and garbage renders the soil useless and contaminates groundwater.
Noise Pollution: Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, and drills cause noise which can lead to hearing impairment and physiological effects.
Q6. (ii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
Answer:
To minimise environmental degradation by industries, the following steps should be taken:
Water Pollution Control: Minimise water use by reusing and recycling it; harvest rainwater to meet water requirements; treat hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers. Effluents should be treated through primary (mechanical), secondary (biological), and tertiary (biological, chemical and physical) treatment processes. Regulate overdrawing of groundwater reserves through legal measures.
Air Pollution Control: Fit smoke stacks with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators to reduce particulate matter. Use oil or gas instead of coal in factories to reduce smoke emissions.
Noise Pollution Control: Fit generators with silencers; redesign machinery for energy efficiency and reduce noise; use noise-absorbing materials; promote personal use of earplugs and earphones.
Sustainable Development: Optimise equipment utilisation, adopt latest techniques, minimise waste generation, provide green belts for ecological balance, practice ash pond management, implement ecological monitoring and online database management. NTPC's EMS certification shows how proactive environmental management is possible.
Activity
Q1. Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets. (i) Used to drive machinery (5) P........................... (ii) People who work in a factory (6) W.......................... (iii) Where the product is sold (6) M.......................... (iv) A person who sells goods (8) R........................... (v) Thing produced (7) P........................... (vi) To make or produce (11) M.......................... (vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P...........................
Answer:
Answers:
(i) Power (5 letters)
(ii) Worker (6 letters)
(iii) Market (6 letters)
(iv) Retailer (8 letters)
(v) Product (7 letters)
(vi) Manufacture (11 letters)
(vii) Pollution (9 letters)
Q2. Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers. 1. Textiles, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called… 2. The basic raw material for sugar industry. 3. This fibre is also known as the 'Golden Fibre'. 4. Iron-ore, coking coal, and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry. 5. A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
Answer:
Answers to the puzzle:
1. Agro-based - Industries deriving raw materials from agriculture
2. Sugarcane - The basic raw material for sugar industry
3. Jute - Known as the 'Golden Fibre'
4. Iron and Steel - The industry using iron-ore, coking coal and limestone
5. Bhilai - A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh
Project Work
Q1. Select one agro-based and one mineral-based industry in your area. (i) What are the raw materials they use? (ii) What are the other inputs in the process of manufacturing that involve transportation cost? (iii) Are these factories following environmental norms?
Answer:
This is a project-based activity. Students should select one agro-based industry (like a sugar mill, cotton textile mill, or edible oil mill) and one mineral-based industry (like a cement plant, steel plant, or chemical factory) in their area.
For agro-based industry: Raw materials include sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, etc. Other inputs requiring transportation include chemicals, packaging materials, machinery parts, and fuel. Students should check if the factory treats effluents before disposal and follows pollution control norms.
For mineral-based industry: Raw materials include minerals like limestone, iron ore, bauxite, etc. Other inputs include coal, electricity, water, and transportation for finished goods. Students should observe waste management practices, air/water pollution control measures, and the use of green belts.
Students should visit or research these industries and prepare a report with their findings.