Plants
- Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ in chloroplasts with sunlight; oxygen comes from water.
- Xylem carries water and minerals upward; phloem carries food. Transpiration through stomata.
- Hormones: auxin (growth, phototropism), gibberellin (stem elongation), cytokinin (cell division), ethylene (fruit ripening — gas), abscisic acid (stress, closing stomata).
- Nitrogen fixation: Rhizobium in legume roots; Azolla and blue-green algae in paddy.
- J. C. Bose — plants have life (crescograph).
Classification
| Kingdom (Whittaker, 1969) | Examples |
|---|---|
| Monera | Bacteria, blue-green algae |
| Protista | Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena |
| Fungi | Mushroom, yeast, Penicillium |
| Plantae | Algae to flowering plants |
| Animalia | Animals |
Binomial nomenclature — Carl Linnaeus (e.g. Homo sapiens, Mangifera indica). Largest flower: Rafflesia; tallest tree: redwood; smallest flowering plant: Wolffia. Odisha state tree: Ashwattha (peepal).