Nutrition
| Vitamin | Source | Deficiency |
|---|---|---|
| A (retinol) | Carrot, milk | Night blindness |
| B1 (thiamine) | Cereals | Beri-beri |
| B3 (niacin) | Groundnut | Pellagra |
| B12 | Animal products | Pernicious anaemia |
| C (ascorbic acid) | Citrus, amla | Scurvy |
| D (calciferol) | Sunlight | Rickets |
| E | Oils | Infertility |
| K | Green leaves | Bleeding (no clotting) |
Minerals: iron — anaemia; iodine — goitre; calcium — weak bones; fluorine excess — fluorosis. Protein lack: kwashiorkor, marasmus.
Diseases
| Cause | Diseases |
|---|---|
| Virus | AIDS (HIV), COVID-19, polio, measles, rabies, dengue, chikungunya, hepatitis, influenza, chickenpox |
| Bacteria | TB (Koch), cholera, typhoid, tetanus, leprosy, diphtheria, plague, pneumonia |
| Protozoa | Malaria (Plasmodium; female Anopheles), kala-azar (sandfly), amoebic dysentery |
| Fungus | Ringworm, athlete's foot |
| Worms | Filariasis (Culex) |
Vaccines: smallpox (Jenner, eradicated 1980), rabies (Pasteur), polio (Salk, Sabin; India polio-free 2014). Penicillin — Fleming. ELISA test for HIV. Odisha has high malaria burden — "Durgama Anchalare Malaria Nirakaran" (DAMaN) programme.