Computer basics
| Topic | Facts |
|---|---|
| History | Charles Babbage (Analytical Engine) — father of the computer; Ada Lovelace — first programmer; ENIAC (1946) first electronic general-purpose computer; PARAM 8000 (1991) India's first supercomputer (C-DAC, Vijay Bhatkar) |
| Generations | 1 vacuum tubes; 2 transistors; 3 ICs; 4 microprocessors (Intel 4004, 1971); 5 AI |
| Memory | RAM volatile; ROM non-volatile; cache fastest; registers inside CPU; secondary: HDD, SSD, pen drive |
| Units | Bit → nibble (4) → byte (8) → KB (1024 B) → MB → GB → TB → PB |
| Software | System (OS: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android); application (MS Office); compiler (whole program) vs interpreter (line by line); open source (Linux) |
| Internet | ARPANET 1969; WWW by Tim Berners-Lee (1989); HTML, HTTP/HTTPS, URL, DNS, IP address; email — Ray Tomlinson |
| Security | Virus, worm, Trojan, phishing, ransomware, firewall; IT Act 2000 |
MS Office shortcuts
Ctrl+C copy · Ctrl+X cut · Ctrl+V paste · Ctrl+Z undo · Ctrl+Y redo · Ctrl+S save · Ctrl+P print · Ctrl+B bold · Ctrl+I italic · Ctrl+U underline · Ctrl+A select all · Ctrl+F find · F7 spell check · F5 slide show (PowerPoint) · F12 Save As · Alt+F4 close window.