Cell Biology and Genetics: Practice MCQs with Notes
Notes and 20 practice MCQs on Cell Biology and Genetics for OPSC ASO, OAS, OSSC and OSSSC.
Cell
| Organelle | Function |
|---|
| Nucleus | Control centre; DNA (Robert Brown, 1831) |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse — ATP by respiration; has own DNA |
| Ribosome | Protein synthesis (no membrane) |
| Lysosome | Digestion; "suicide bag" |
| Golgi body | Packaging and secretion |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | Transport; rough (ribosomes), smooth (lipids) |
| Chloroplast | Photosynthesis (plants) |
| Centrosome | Cell division (animals) |
| Cell wall | Cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi) |
Genetics
- Mendel — father of genetics (pea; laws of dominance, segregation, independent assortment). Term "gene" — Johannsen.
- DNA double helix — Watson and Crick (1953); bases A–T, G–C; RNA has uracil instead of thymine.
- Humans: 46 chromosomes (22 pairs autosomes + XX/XY). Sex decided by the father's chromosome.
- Disorders: Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner (XO), Klinefelter (XXY); haemophilia and colour blindness (X-linked); sickle-cell anaemia; thalassaemia.
- Biotechnology: recombinant DNA, PCR, DNA fingerprinting (Alec Jeffreys; in India Lalji Singh), cloning (Dolly 1996), CRISPR (Nobel 2020).
Sourced from the Odisha Public Service Commission where applicable.
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